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Standardized Cup Sizes
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UCSD researchers state vitamin D needed to cut cancer risk
UCSD researchers state vitamin D needed to cut cancer
risk
December 29, 2005
Taking 1,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D3 daily
appears to lower an individual's risk of developing certain cancers
- including colon, breast, and ovarian cancer - by up to 50
percent, according to cancer prevention specialists at the Moores
Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD)
Medical Center.
The researchers call for prompt public health
action to increase intake of vitamin D3 as an inexpensive tool for
prevention of diseases that claim millions of lives each year.
Previous studies by these researchers, including a paper in the
October 2005 Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
showed the link between vitamin D deficiency and higher rates of
colon cancer. The new paper, to be published on-line December 27,
2005 and printed in the February 2006 issue of The American Journal
of Public Health, associates the same risks to breast and ovarian
cancers, and underscores the researchers' call to action.
"For example, breast cancer will strike one in eight American
women in their lifetime.
Early detection using mammography reduces
mortality rates by approximately 20 percent. But use of vitamin D
might prevent this cancer in the first place," said co-author
Cedric F. Garland, a professor with UCSD's Moores Cancer Center and
the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine at the UCSD School
of Medicine.
In the paper, the authors conclude: "The high prevalence of
vitamin D deficiency, combined with the discovery of increased
risks of certain types of cancer in those who are deficient,
suggest that vitamin D deficiency may account for several thousand
premature deaths from colon, breast, ovarian and other cancers
annually.
"
The study also found that residents of the northeastern United
States, and individuals with higher skin pigmentation were at an
increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. This is because solar UVB
is needed for the human body to make vitamin D. The increased skin
pigmentation of African-Americans reduces their ability to
synthesize vitamin D.
"African-American women who develop breast cancer are more
likely to die from the disease than White women of the same age,"
said Garland.
"Survival rates are worse among African-Americans for
colon, prostate and ovarian cancers as well." Even after
adjustments that removed the effect of socioeconomic status and
access to care, blacks were shown to have substantially poorer
survival rates, a difference that the authors link with the
decreased ability of blacks to make Vitamin D.
The findings are based upon an extensive systematic review of
scientific papers on the relationship of blood serum levels or oral
intake of vitamin D with risk of certain types of cancers published
worldwide between January 1966 and December 2004. Sixty-three
observational studies of vitamin D status in relation to cancer
risk, including 30 of colon cancer, 13 of breast cancer, 26 of
prostate cancer and seven of ovarian cancer, were assessed.
This complex analysis of virtually every observational study
written on the subject, called a systematic review, paints a
clearer picture than any single study and is recognized by
scientists as an important tool for establishing a consensus of
findings.
"A preponderance of evidence, from the best observational
studies the medical world has to offer, gathered over 25 years, has
led to the conclusion that public health action is needed," Garland
said. "Primary prevention of these cancers has largely been
neglected, but we now have proof that the incidence of colon,
breast, and ovarian cancer can be reduced dramatically by
increasing the public's intake of vitamin D."
Since the safety of daily intake of vitamin D3 in the
recommended range has been thoroughly assessed and confirmed by the
National Academy of Sciences, and the benefits found so far in
observational studies are considerable, expanded use of vitamin D
as a public health measure should not be delayed, according to the
authors.
They recommend intake of 1,000 IU/day of vitamin D, half the
safe upper intake established by the National Academy of Sciences.
Garland said that while this study looked at all forms of vitamin D
- intake through diet or supplements, and
photosynthesis through modest sun exposure - as a practical matter,
the majority of
people will most easily achieve
the target levels by eating foods containing vitamin D and
taking supplements, which the authors estimated would cost about
five cents per day.
"Many people are deficient in vitamin D. A glass of milk, for
example, has only 100 IU.
Other foods, such as orange juice, yogurt
and cheese, are now beginning to be fortified, but you have to work
fairly hard to reach 1,000 IU a day," he explained. "Sun exposure
has its own concerns and limitations. We recommend no more than 15
minutes of exposure daily over 40 percent of the body, other than
the face, which should be protected from the sun. Dark-skinned
people, however, may need more exposure to produce adequate amounts
of vitamin D, and some fair-skinned people shouldn't try to get any
vitamin D from the sun.
The easiest and most reliable way of
getting the appropriate amount is from food and a daily
supplement."
University of California-San Diego
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